Reporte de caso: síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia, intoxicación por glicina / Case report: Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy, glycine intoxication

El síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia se origina por la rápida absorción vascular de soluciones isotónicas e hipotónicas utilizadas en irrigación intrauterina, ocasionando hipervolemia y dilución de electrolitos, especialmente hiponatremia. Cuando este síndrome es debido a intoxicación por glicina al 1,5% causa acidosis severa y neurotoxicidad. La incidencia de este síndrome es baja pero puede aumentar por factores como: falta de control de altura de bolsas de irrigación, ausencia de equilibrio de fluidos de soluciones de irrigación, tejidos altamente vascularizados como miomas uterinos y uso de sistema de electrocirugía monopolar. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con miomas uterinos, programada para resección mediante histeroscopia que cursa con síndrome de absorción intravascular por glicina, el temprano diagnóstico y rápido tratamiento intraoperatorio y postoperatorio permitió una evolución favorable. El manejo se basó en el uso de diuréticos, restricción de fluidos y soluciones hipertónicas de sodio.

Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy is caused by rapid vascular absorption of isotonic and hypotonic solutions used in intrauterine irrigation, causing hypervolemia and electrolyte dilution, especially hyponatremia. When this syndrome is due to 1.5% glycine toxicity, it causes severe acidosis and neurotoxicity. The incidence of this syndrome is low but may increase due to factors such as: lack of control of the height of irrigation bags, lack of fluid balance in irrigation solutions, highly vascularized tissues such as uterine myomas and use of a monopolar electrosurgery system. The case of a patient with uterine myomas, scheduled for resection by hysteroscopy, who presents with intravascular glycine absorption syndrome, is reported. Early diagnosis and rapid intraoperative and postoperative treatment allowed a favorable evolution. Management was based on the use of diuretics, fluid restriction, and hypertonic sodium solutions.

Possible association between dysnatremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients undergoing acute hemodialysis: analysis from a Peruvian retrospective cohort / Possível associação entre distúrbios do sódio e mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise aguda: análise de uma coorte retrospectiva peruana

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing acute hemodialysis. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on adult patients undergoing acute hemodialysis with AKI or CKD diagnosis at a public hospital in Lima, Peru. Dysnatremias were categorized as hyponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) or hypernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), and dyschloremias were defined as hypochloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) or hyperchloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). The outcome of interest was mortality during hospitalization. We performed generalized lineal Poisson family models with bias-corrected and accelerated non-parametric bootstrap to estimate the risk ratios at crude (RR) and adjusted analysis (aRR) by gender, age, HCO3 (for all patients) and Liaño score (only for AKI) with CI95%. Results: We included 263 patients (mean age: 54.3 years, females: 43%): 191 with CKD and 72 with AKI. Mortality was higher in patients with AKI (59.7%) than in patients with CKD (14.1%). In overall, patients with hypernatremia had a higher mortality during hospitalization compared to those who had normal sodium values (aRR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.17-2.83); patients with hyponatremia did not have different mortality (aRR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.69-2.04). We also found that hyperchloremia (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.83-2.18) or hypochloremia (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.30-14.78) did not increase mortality in comparison to normal chloride values. No association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization was found in CKD and AKI subgroups. Conclusions: In our exploratory analysis, only hypernatremia was associated with mortality during hospitalization among patients with AKI or CKD undergoing acute hemodialysis.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) ou doença renal crônica (DRC) submetidos a hemodiálise aguda. Métodos: O presente estudo de coorte retrospectiva incluiu pacientes adultos submetidos a hemodiálise aguda com diagnóstico de IRA ou DRC em um hospital público de Lima, Peru. Os distúrbios do sódio foram classificados como hiponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) ou hipernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), enquanto os distúrbios do cloro foram classificados como hipocloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) ou hipercloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). O desfecho de interesse foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizamos modelos de Poisson da família de modelos lineares generalizados com bootstrap não-paramétrico e correção de viés acelerado para estimar os riscos relativos na análise bruta (RR) e ajustada (RRa) para sexo, idade, HCO3 (para todos os pacientes) e escore de Liaño (apenas para IRA) com IC 95%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 263 pacientes (idade média 54,3 anos; 43% do sexo feminino), 191 com DRC e 72 com IRA. A mortalidade foi mais elevada nos pacientes com IRA (59,7%) do que nos indivíduos com DRC (14,1%). No geral, os pacientes com hipernatremia tiveram mortalidade hospitalar mais elevada do que os indivíduos com valores normais de sódio (RRa: 1,82; IC 95%: 1,17-2,83). Os pacientes com hiponatremia não apresentaram mortalidade diferente (RRa: 0,19; IC 95%: 0,69-2,04). Também identificamos que hipercloremia (RRa: 1,35; IC 95%: 0,83-2,18) e hipocloremia (RRa: 0,66; IC 95%: 0,30-14,78) não elevaram a mortalidade em comparação a indivíduos com níveis normais de cloro. Não foi encontrada associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar nos subgrupos com DRC e IRA. Conclusões: Em nossa análise exploratória, apenas hipernatremia apresentou associação com mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com IRA ou DRC submetidos a hemodiálise aguda.

Hyponatremia in elderly patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur: a cross-sectional study / Hiponatremia em pacientes idosos com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Proximal femur fractures affect the mortality and morbidity of elderly individuals. Recent studies have shown an association between fragility fractures and hyponatremia, a common fluid and electrolyte balance disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hyponatremia in patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur. Methods: The authors looked into the data from the medical records of patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Real Hospital Português for fragility fractures of the proximal femur from 2014 to 2017. The study included patients with serum sodium levels recorded in their charts. Results: Fourteen of 69 (20.3%) patients with proximal femur fractures had hyponatremia. The main factors linked to hyponatremia were lung disease, and prescription of amiodarone and/or antidepressants. Conclusion: In elderly individuals, fragility fractures of the proximal femur may correlate with hyponatremia, particularly among patients on amiodarone or antidepressants.

RESUMO Introdução: Fratura de fêmur proximal tem impacto na mortalidade e morbidade de idosos. Estudos recentes vêm demonstrando associação entre fratura por fragilidade e hiponatremia, um distúrbio hidroeletrolítico comum na prática médica. Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de hiponatremia em pacientes com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade. Metodologia: Foram coletados dados a partir de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na emergência do Real Hospital Português devido à fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade, entre 2014 e 2017, e aqueles com natremia disponível no prontuário eletrônico foram incluídos no estudo. Resultado: Dentre os 69 pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal, houve uma ocorrência de 14 pacientes com hiponatremia, o que corresponde a 20,3%. Os principais fatores associados à hiponatremia no estudo foram doença pulmonar, uso de amiodarona e antidepressivos. Conclusão: Em idosos, a fratura de fêmur proximal por fragilidade pode estar correlacionada com hiponatremia, principalmente quando estão sob uso de amiodarona ou antidepressivos.

Hidratación de mantenimiento en niños agudamente enfermos / Maintenance hydration in acutely ill children

Introducción: un aspecto crítico del cuidado de pacientes agudamente enfermos es la administración de líquidos intravenosos. Existe poco consenso sobre la tasa más apropiada de administración y la composición de los líquidos intravenosos. La práctica con respecto a los fluidos de mantenimiento varía ampliamente. Objetivo: describir la composición y las tasas de administración más apropiadas de los líquidos intravenosos. Método: se realizó una revisión en Medline/Pubmed, Elseiver y Scielo de los artículos publicados en el período comprendido entre 1953-2016. No hubo restricción de idioma. Los términos de búsqueda fueron: fluidos intravenosos, hiponatremia y niños. Desarrollo: los fluidos hipotónicos siguen siendo recomendados en pacientes agudamente enfermos, a pesar de la fuerte asociación entre su uso y el desarrollo de hiponatremia. La abrumadora evidencia prospectiva hasta la fecha, indica que las soluciones de mantenimiento isotónicas son más seguras que los fluidos hipotónicos en la protección de la hiponatremia moderada y severa. Consideraciones finales: es hora de que dejemos de usar fluidos hipotónicos en estados de enfermedad asociados con exceso de arginina vasopresina, y no existe razón para que esta práctica continúe. Esta información debe ser difundida por la Academia, pues los profesionales involucrados en el cuidado de niños enfermos necesitan ser informados y entrenados adecuadamente(AU)

Introduction: a critical aspect in the care of acutely ill patients is the administration of intravenous fluids. There is little consensus on the most appropriate administration rate and composition of intravenous fluids. The practice with respect to maintenance fluids widely varies. Objective: to describe the composition and the most appropriate administration rates of intravenous fluids. Method: a review of articles published in the period from 1953 to 2016 was made in Medline/Pubmed, Elseiver and Scielo. There was no language restriction. The search terms were: intravenous fluids, hyponatremia and children. Development: hypotonic fluids are still recommended in acutely ill patients, despite the strong association between their use and the development of hyponatremia. The overwhelming prospective evidence to date indicates that isotonic maintenance solutions are safer than hypotonic fluids in the protection of moderate and severe hyponatremia. Conclusions: it is time for us to stop using hypotonic fluids in disease states associated with an excess of arginine vasopressin, and there is no reason for this practice to continue. This information must be disseminated by the Academy, as the professionals involved in the care of sick children need to be informed and trained properly(AU)

Rabdomiólise recorrente secundária à hiponatremia em doente com polidipsia psicogênica primária / Recurrent rhabdomyolysis secondary to hyponatremia in a patient with primary psychogenic polydipsia

A rabdomiólise é caracterizada por destruição de tecido muscular esquelético, sendo as suas principais causas o trauma, os tóxicos e os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. Entre esses últimos, inclui-se a rabdomiólise induzida por hiponatremia, uma situação rara, que ocorre principalmente em doentes com polidipsia psicogênica. Esta acomete maioritariamente doentes com esquizofrenia, cursando com hiponatremia em quase 25% dos casos. É também nesse contexto que a rabdomiólise secundária a hiponatremia ocorre mais frequentemente. Neste artigo, descreveu-se o caso de um homem de 49 anos, com antecedentes de esquizofrenia, medicado com clozapina, trazido ao serviço de urgência por quadro de coma e convulsões. Foi objetivada hiponatremia hiposmolar grave, com edema cerebral em tomografia computorizada, sendo feito posteriormente o diagnóstico de hiponatremia secundária à polidipsia psicogênica. Foi iniciada terapêutica de correção de hiponatremia e internado em unidade de terapia intensiva. Feita correção de hiponatremia, contudo apresentou analiticamente marcada rabdomiólise, de agravamento crescente, com creatinofosfoquinase de 44.058UI/L no 3º dia de internação. Houve posterior redução progressiva com a terapêutica, sem ocorrência de lesão renal. Este caso alerta para a necessidade de monitorização dos marcadores de rabdomiólise na hiponatremia grave, ilustrando um quadro de rabdomiólise secundária à hiponatremia induzida por polidipsia psicogênica, situação a considerar em doentes sob terapêutica com neurolépticos.

Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by the destruction of skeletal muscle tissue, and its main causes are trauma, toxic substances and electrolyte disturbances. Among the latter is hyponatremia-induced rhabdomyolysis, a rare condition that occurs mainly in patients with psychogenic polydipsia. Psycogenic polydipsia mostly affects patients with schizophrenia, coursing with hyponatremia in almost 25% of the cases. It is also in this context that rhabdomyolysis secondary to hyponatremia occurs most often. In this article, the case of a 49-year-old male with a history of schizophrenia, medicated with clozapine, and brought to the emergency room in a state of coma and seizures is described. Severe hypoosmolar hyponatremia with cerebral edema was found on a computed tomography examination, and a subsequent diagnosis of hyponatremia secondary to psychogenic polydipsia was made. Hyponatremia correction therapy was started, and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. After the hyponatremia correction, the patient presented with analytical worsening, showing marked rhabdomyolysis with a creatine phosphokinase level of 44.058UI/L on day 3 of hospitalization. The condition showed a subsequent progressive improvement with therapy, with no occurrence of kidney damage. This case stresses the need for monitoring rhabdomyolysis markers in severe hyponatremia, illustrating the condition of rhabdomyolysis secondary to hyponatremia induced by psychogenic polydipsia, which should be considered in patients undergoing treatment with neuroleptics.

Encefalopatía perdedora de sal en romboencefalitis por listeria / Cerebral salt wasting syndrome associated with Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis. Report of one case

Hyponatremia is common in patients with severe neurological diseases and is often secondary to a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). However, in some patients, hyponatremia is due to cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS). SIADH and CSWS treatments are opposite and misdiagnosis can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. We report a 52 years old female with a rhom-boencephalitis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes (LM), ventriculitis and abscesses in cerebellum and brainstem. It was associated with hyponatremia, hypotension, increased natriuresis, hypouricemia, and low creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Large amounts ofsodium were needed and the condition persisted after hospital discharge. Hyponatremia is common in central nervous system involvement by LM, however we are not aware of CSWS reports of this condition.

Predictors of low cardiac output in decompensated severe heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of low cardiac output and mortality in decompensated heart failure. INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Patients with decompensated heart failure have a high mortality rate, especially those patients with low cardiac output. However, this clinical presentation is uncommon, and its management is controversial. METHODS: We studied a cohort of 452 patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure with an ejection fraction of <0.45. Patients underwent clinical-hemodynamic assessment and Chagas disease immunoenzymatic assay. Low cardiac output was defined according to L and C clinical-hemodynamic profiles. Multivariate analyses assessed clinical outcomes. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.1 years; 245 (54.2 percent) patients were >60 years, and 64.6 percent were men. Low cardiac output was present in 281 (63 percent) patients on admission. Chagas disease was the cause of heart failure in 92 (20.4 percent) patients who had higher B type natriuretic peptide levels (1,978.38 vs. 1,697.64 pg/mL; P = 0.015). Predictors of low cardiac output were Chagas disease (RR: 3.655, P<0.001), lower ejection fraction (RR: 2.414, P<0.001), hyponatremia (RR: 1.618, P = 0.036), and renal dysfunction (RR: 1.916, P = 0.007). Elderly patients were inversely associated with low cardiac output (RR: 0.436, P = 0.001). Predictors of mortality were Chagas disease (RR: 2.286, P<0.001), ischemic etiology (RR: 1.449, P = 0.035), and low cardiac output (RR: 1.419, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: In severe decompensated heart failure, predictors of low cardiac output are Chagas disease, lower ejection fraction, hyponatremia, and renal dysfunction. Additionally, Chagas disease patients have higher B type natriuretic peptide levels and a worse prognosis independent of lower ejection fraction.

Hiponatremia: conduta na emergência / Hyponatremia: management in the emergency

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Definir e atualizar protocolos de tratamento e condutas em pacientes com hiponatremia na emergência médica com enfoque no diag¬nóstico causal da doença e métodos de correção do sódio sérico, consultando estudos de revisão sobre hiponatremia e distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos dos últimos 10 anos nas bases de dados LILACS, MedLine, BIREME, N England J Med e Lancet, a fim de estabelecer um protocolo de tratamento de hiponatremia na emergência. A grande prevalência da hiponatremia na emergência e como complicação aguda de inúmeras doenças, justificada pela grande dificuldade encontrada na correção dos eletrólitos de forma eficaz e que melhorem o prognóstico do paciente quando tratado precocemente. CONTEÚDO: A hiponatremia é caracterizada como o valor de sódio sérico menor que 136 mEq/L, sendo o distúrbio eletrolítico mais freqüentemente encontrado na prática clínica, presente em 6% dos pacientes internados. O tratamento da hiponatremia leva em consideração a classificação dos seus tipos, quanto a sua osmolalidade e em alguns casos à relação com a volemia do paciente, sendo feita na maioria dos casos de forma não controlada e com valores aproximados, não levando em conta outras características dos pacientes. Decorrente da grande dificuldade de se estabelecer a forma mais correta de se corrigir a volemia do paciente e a reposição do sódio, a elaboração de um guia de procedimentos e condutas a serem adotadas se justifica meio a grande prevalência da condição em pacientes portadores de doenças agudas e crônicas e frente à dificuldade de se estabelecer o tratamento mais efetivo nessas condições. As terapêuticas disponíveis seja a restrição hídrica, infusão de soluções ou uso de diuréticos são frequentemente ineficazes e com resultados nem sempre previsíveis, com potenciais efeitos secundários como a mielinólise pontina central. CONCLUSÃO: A hiponatremia é uma condição clínica comum na prática médica, sendo uma emergência responsável por altas taxas de complicações em pacientes internados. Pode manifestar-se de diferentes formas e devem ser prontamente reconhecidas pelo médico a fim de se estabelecer a correção do distúrbio eletrolítico, assim como iniciar o tratamento da doença de base do paciente. O objetivo de o tratamento ser a correção dos eletrólitos deve-se tratar cada individuo separadamente, levando em consideração as comorbidades e condições clínicas apresentadas no momento do tratamento.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Define and up-date treatment protocols and behaviors in patients with hyponatremia in medical emergencies with focus on casual diagnosis of the disease and methods of correction of serum sodium rising review articles on hyponatremia and electrolyte disturbances in the last 10 years in databases such as LILACS, MedLine, N England J Med, and Lancet in order to establish a protocol for treatment of hyponatremia in the emergency. The high prevalence of hyponatremia in emergency and as a complication of many acute diseases, justified by the great difficulties encountered by medical in the correction of electrolyte effectively and to improve the prognosis when treated early. CONTENTS: Hyponatremia is characterized as the value of serum sodium less than 136 mEq/L, being the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice, affecting 6% of hospitalized patients. The treatment of hyponatremia takes into account the classification of types of hyponatremia and its osmolality and in some cases the relationship with the patient blood volume, being made in most cases in an un¬ controlled way and with approximate values, not taking into account other features patients. Due to the great difficulty in establishing the best thing to correct the patient?s blood volume replacement and sodium, the preparation of a guide to procedures and measures to be adopted is justified through the wide prevalence of the condition in patients with acute and chronic and facing difficulty in establishing the most effective treatment in these conditions. The available treatment is fluid restriction, infusion solu¬tions or diuretics are often ineffective and results not always predictable, with potential side effects such as central pon¬tine myelinolysis. CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia is a common clinical problem in medical practice, and an emergency responsible for high rates of complications in hospitalized patients. Hy¬ponatremia can manifest itself in different ways and should be readily recognized by the physician in order to establish the correction of electrolyte disturbances, and initiate treatment of the underlying disease of the patient. Even the goal of treatment is correction of electrolytes should be to treat each individual separately, taking into account comorbidities and clinical conditions presented at the time of treatment.(AU)

Oromandibular dystonia and persistent psychiatric symptoms in extra-pontine myelinolysis.

A 32 years female presented with gradually progressive dysarthria, dysphagia, oromandibular dystonia and mild generalized weakness. She had several episodes of acute psychotic behavior. She had abnormal saccadic eye movements, generalized hypertonia and exaggerated jerks in upper limbs. She was previously treated in a peripheral hospital for severe vomiting and diarrhea. MRI of brain revealed symmetrical T-2 weighted hyperintensities in bilateral putaminal and caudate region along with pons and midbrain suggesting demyelination due to a metabolic insult. Her power improved gradually over days and the dysarthria, dysphagia and oromandibular dystonia improved gradually over several weeks with supportive measures but the psychiatric manifestations are still persisting.

Central pontine myelinolysis due to rapid correction of hyponatremia induced by excessive water intake

We report a 25-year-old female with a recent diagnosis of gastric B-cell lymphoma based on imaging and pathological findings. She was discharged against medical advice after it was recommended to her, by an "alternative medicine practitioner," to restrict her diet to excessive ingestion of the "Holy water Zamzam" [natural well water in Makkah]. She presented back with altered level of awareness and severe, new-onset hyponatremia. The hyponatremia was corrected rapidly and her condition improved. Six days later, she developed the classical pyramidal and extrapyramidal features of central pontine myelinolysis, documented by MRI. The patient succumbed to her original disease 3 months later

Pontine and extrapontine osmotic myelinolysis after the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with fluoxetine: case report

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) may be precipitated by aggressive correction of a hypo or hyper-osmolar states. We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman that was started on fluoxetine 20 mg/day for depression and nine days later was found to have fluoxetine-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. After hyponatremia correction the mental status of the patient gradually improved, but subsequently she had intermittent difficulty in speaking, naming objects, memory deficits and psychomotor slowness. Magnetic resonance revealed bilateral symmetric hyperintense lesions in the basal ganglia, temporal lobe and hippocampal formation compatible with ODS. These symptoms gradually resolved and she was discharged home without any deficits. Two months later, a new image showed lesion in pons and the other lesions had disappeared. Fluoxetine therapy had never been related with a complication like that.

A síndrome de desmielinização osmótica (SDO) pode ser precipitada pela correção agressiva de um estado hiper ou hipoosmolar. Nós descrevemos o caso de mulher de 53 anos que havia iniciado o uso de fluoxetina 20 mg/dia para depressão e que nove dias depois foi diagnosticada como tendo síndrome da secreção inapropriada de hormônio antidiurético induzida por fluoxetina. Depois da correção da hiponatremia o estado mental da paciente gradualmente melhorou, mas subsequentemente ela apresentou dificuldade intermitente para fala e para nomear objetos, déficits de memória recente e lentidão psicomotora. Ressonância magnética revelou lesões hiperintensas bilaterais e simétricas na região dos gânglios da base, lobo temporal e hipocampo compatíveis com SDO. Estes sintomas gradualmente se resolveram e a paciente foi de alta sem qualquer déficit. Dois meses mais tarde uma nova imagem cerebral mostrou lesão na ponte e ausência das lesões antigas. Até onde sabemos a terapia com fluoxetina nunca foi relacionada a uma complicação tardia como esta.

Central myelinolysis in a patient with hyponatraemia

We present a case of a 50-year old man who developed mutism and a flaccid quadriparesis within 48 hours of presentation to hospital with severe hyponatraemia. A diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis was made based on the clinical features and typical appearances on magnetic resonance imaging.

The hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome in renal artery stenosis: an infrequent cause of hyponatremia.

The hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome is a rare but serious complication of reno-vascular disease. The syndrome is characterized by hypertension and profound natriuresis, leading to body sodium and water depletion. Hypertension is typically refractory to treatment. We report an 82-year-old patient with this syndrome and describe the results of an audit of the clinical records of patients admitted to a teaching hospital over a two-year period with confirmed renal artery stenosis and hyponatremia. The syndrome should be suspected in patients in whom severe hypertension is associated with hyponatremia without other apparent cause, especially in the presence of reno-vascular disease.

Stroke from systemic vascular disorders in Saudi children. the devastating role of hypernatremic dehydration

Systemic vascular disorders, leading to childhood stroke, include volume depletion or systemic hypotension and hypernatremic dehydration. We describe 3 cases of stroke following systemic vascular disorders. These were diagnosed during a prospective and retrospective study on childhood stroke, which included 104 patients. Post-gastroenteritis hypernatremic dehydration is an important, potentially preventable, cause of stroke in Saudi children